Charged surface atoms evaporate from a field emitter exposed to a high electric field. For details, see F. Djurabekova et al. 2011, link below.
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Growth of surface protrusion under the influence of a high electric field. For details, see A. S. Pohjonen et al. 2013, link below.
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![](https://www.hip.fi/accelerator-technology/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/12/highlight_2012_Christina-300x225.png)
Defect model for explaining the breakdown field dependence on accelerating gradient. For details, see K. Nordlund and F. Djurabekova 2012, link below.
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.![Comparison of experimentally measured (top row) and simulated crater shapes (bottom row).](https://www.hip.fi/accelerator-technology/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/02/craters_Helga.png)
Comparison of experimentally measured (top row) and simulated crater shapes (bottom row). For details see H. Timko et al. 2010, link below. [tplinks key="Timk10a"]
![](https://www.hip.fi/accelerator-technology/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2015/02/fig8b-300x151.png)
Dynamic evolution of surface under an electric field.
For details see F. Djurabekova et a. 2011, link below.